Cuba waits anxiously for oil dreams to materialize

Posted on Sunday, 05.27.12

Cuba waits anxiously for oil dreams to materialize
By PAUL HAVEN
Associated Press

HAVANA -- It was supposed to be Cuba's economic savior: vast untapped
reserves of black gold buried deep under the rocky ocean floor.

But the first attempt in nearly a decade to find Cuba's hoped-for
undersea oil bonanza has come up dry, and the island's leaders and their
partners must regroup and hope they have better luck - quickly.

Experts say it is not unusual that a 3-mile (4.8-kilometer) deep
exploratory well drilled at a cost of more than $100 million by Spanish
oil giant Repsol was a bust. Four out of five such wells find nothing in
the high-stakes oil game, and petroleum companies are built to handle
the losses.

But Cuba has more at stake, and only a few more spins left of the
roulette wheel. The enormous Scarabeo-9 platform being used in the hunt
is the only one in the world that can drill in Cuban waters without
incurring sanctions under the U.S. economic embargo, and it is under
contract for only one to four more exploratory wells before it heads off
to Brazil.

"If oil is not found now I think it would be another five to 10 years
before somebody else comes back and drills again," said Jorge Pinon, the
former president of Amoco Oil Latin America and a leading expert on
Cuba's energy prospects. "Not because there is no oil, but because the
pain and tribulations that people have to go through to drill in Cuba
are not worth it when there are better and easier options in places like
Angola, Brazil or the U.S. Gulf of Mexico."

A delay would be catastrophic for Cuba, where 80-year-old President Raul
Castro is desperately trying to pull the economy out of the doldrums
through limited free-market reforms, and has been forced to cut many of
the subsidies islanders have come to expect in return for salaries of
just $20 a month.

It could also leave the Communist-governed island more dependent on
Venezuela, where President Hugo Chavez is ailing with cancer. Chavez
provides Cuba with $3 billion worth of heavily subsidized oil every
year, a deal that might evaporate if he dies or fails to win re-election
in October.

An oil find, on the other hand, would potentially improve Cuba's
long-bitter relations with the United States, some analysts suggest.
They say the U.S. oil industry could lobby Congress to loosen the
embargo so it could get in on Cuba's oil game. At the very least,
coordination between the Cold War enemies would be necessary to prepare
for any spill that could coat beaches in the U.S. and Cuba with black goo.

The Cuban government has not commented on Repsol's announcement May 18
that the first well came up dry, and declined to make any oil officials
or experts available to be interviewed for this article.

Next in line for using the drilling rig in Cuban waters is Malaysia's
Petronas, which holds the rights to explore an area in the Florida
Straits known as the Northbelt Thrust, about 110 miles (180 kilometers)
southwest of Repsol's drill site. Wee Yiaw Hin, Petronas' executive vice
president of exploration and production, told The Associated Press that
drilling has begun and he expects results by the end of July.

After that, two industry experts said, Repsol is under contract to drill
a second well, though it could get out of the deal by paying a penalty
to Saipem, the Italian company that owns the rig. Kristian Rix, a
spokesman for Repsol in Madrid, said a decision on whether to sink
another well was still being evaluated.

Venezuela's PDVSA and Sonangol of Angola have options to drill next, but
are under no obligation if they don't like their odds. While both
countries are strong allies of Cuba, at $100 million a well, the
decision to drill will likely be based solely on economics.

Even if oil is found, the Scarabeo-9 is under contract to power up its
eight enormous thrusters and sail to Brazil after that, with no date set
for its return to Cuba. The bottleneck highlights the difficulties Cuba
faces, and why it could be well into the 2020s before the island sees
any oil windfall.

"Assuming they're successful in finding oil, to bring the oil to market
will take years of development efforts," said Victor Shum, an energy
analyst with consulting firm Purvin & Gertz in Singapore.

Once an exploratory well finds oil, companies generally drill between 10
and 20 additional wells nearby to get a sense of the reservoir's size.
The process can take several years even under normal circumstances, and
circumstances are not normal in Cuba.

The Scarabeo-9 was built in Asia with less than 10 percent U.S.-made
parts to avoid violating Washington's embargo, making it the only rig in
the world that meets the requirement. That means no other rig could be
used in Cuba without risking U.S. sanction, and the additional wells
would have to be drilled by the rig one at a time, with each taking
about 100 days to complete. At about three wells a year, it could take
up to six years for this second phase - assuming the rig is available.

After gauging a reservoir's size, an oil company then must assess
whether the economics of a field make it a prime spot for exploitation,
or whether to concentrate resources elsewhere.

If exploitation does go forward, complicated equipment is required to
pull oil from such depths. Several industry experts said the only
country that produces the necessary apparatus is the United States,
although Brazil and other countries are working to catch up. Unless they
do, the oil could not be removed unless the U.S. embargo was lifted or
altered.

"A lot of folks are looking at the energy sector in Cuba because they
are looking at a Cuba of five years from now, or 10 years from now,"
said Pinon. "So a lot of people are betting that either the embargo is
going to be lifted, or the relationship between the U.S. and Cuba is
going to improve in some way."

Still, the benefits of hitting a gusher would be enormous for Cuba, and
the impact could be felt long before any oil was pumped.

Because of the embargo, Cuba is shut off from borrowing from
international lending institutions, and the island's own poor record of
repayment has left most other creditors leery. Cuba, for instance, owes
the Paris Club of creditor nations nearly $30 billion.

An oil find could change the game, with Cuba using future oil riches as
collateral to secure new financing, economists say. They point to China
and Brazil as potential sources of new funding, but say neither is
likely to put money into the island without reasonable confidence they
will get their investment back.

Lee Hunt, the recently retired president of the Houston-based
International Association of Drilling Contractors, said the stakes are
enormous for Cuba that one of the wells hits oil before the Scarabeo-9
leaves. Hunt has worked to bring U.S. and Cuban industry and
environmental groups together.

"If the only rig you can work with is gone, it's like somebody took your
shovel away," Hunt said. "You are not going to dig any holes without a
shovel, even if you know the treasure is down there."

---

Associated Press writer Eileen Ng in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, contributed
to this report.

Follow Paul Haven on Twitter at http://www.twitter.com/paulhaven.

http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/05/27/v-fullstory/2819854/cuba-waits-anxiously-for-oil-dreams.html